The Fight Against Cervical Cancer: Knowledge, Prevention, and Treatment Strategies

 

January is recognized as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, a time to educate and raise awareness about this preventable disease. Cervical cancer is a significant global health issue, but with the right knowledge and proactive measures, it is a disease that can be prevented and treated effectively.

According to the World Health Organization, Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally, with approximately 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths reported in 2020. Its incidence and prevalence revealed that it is more prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, where access to screening and treatment services is limited. However, even in high-income countries, where these resources are more readily available, cervical cancer remains a significant health concern.

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a cancer type that develops in the cells lining the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is often caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection that can affect the skin, genital area, and throat. Most women are exposed to HPV at some point in their lives, but in some cases, the virus can lead to the development of cervical cancer if not detected and treated early.

 

What are the Risk Factors?

Risk factors for cancer progression include the grade of oncogenicity of the HPV type, immune status, the presence of other sexually transmitted infections, number of births, young age at first pregnancy, hormonal contraceptive use, and smoking. 

How it can be Prevented:

Boosting public awareness, and access to information and services are key to prevention and control across the life course.

• Cervical cancer is largely preventable through vaccination.
•  HPV and regular cervical cancer screening. Cervical cancer screening, such as the Pap test or HPV test, can detect precancerous changes in the cervix early, allowing for timely intervention and treatment.
•  HPV vaccination is recommended for adolescents, ideally before they become sexually active, to protect against the most common cancer-causing HPV strains. 

The HPV Vaccine and Additional Preventive Measures:

As of 2023, there are currently six HPV vaccines available worldwide. All these vaccines protect against the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which are responsible for most of the cervical cancer cases. Extensive research has demonstrated that these vaccines are both safe and effective in preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer.

It is recommended that HPV vaccines be administered as a priority to girls between the ages of 9 and 14, ideally before they become sexually active. The vaccination can be given in either one or two doses, although individuals with compromised immune systems may require two or three doses for optimal protection. Additionally, some countries have opted to vaccinate boys as well, not only to further decrease HPV prevalence within the population but also to prevent HPV-related cancers in males.

In addition to vaccination, there are other important strategies for preventing HPV infection, including:

• Maintaining a non-smoking status or quitting smoking.
• Consistent use of birth control measures during sexual activity.
• Voluntary male circumcision.

These measures, when combined with vaccination efforts, contribute to a comprehensive approach to reducing the incidence of HPV infection and related cervical cancers.

Treatment:

If cervical cancer is detected, treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments. Early-stage cervical cancer is highly treatable, with high survival rates when diagnosed and treated promptly. However, advanced-stage cervical cancer can be more challenging to treat and may require more aggressive interventions.

Cervical Screening:

• Women should undergo cervical cancer screening every 5–10 years starting at the age of 30.
  

• For women living with HIV, screening should occur every 3 years starting at age 25. The global strategy recommends a minimum of two-lifetime screenings using a high-performance HPV test, with the first screening by age 35 and the second by age 45. 
  

• It is important to note that precancers typically do not cause symptoms, underscoring the significance of regular cervical cancer screening, even for individuals who have received the HPV vaccine.  
  

• Following a positive HPV test (or other screening method), healthcare providers can examine the cervix for changes, such as precancers, that could progress to cervical cancer if left untreated.  
  

• Treating precancers is a straightforward procedure that effectively prevents cervical cancer.    

Diagnosis, Early Detection, and Treatment of Cervical Cancer:

If detected and treated in its early stages, cervical cancer is curable. A crucial first step is identifying symptoms and getting medical advice to address any concerns. If a woman notices: she should consult a healthcare professional.

• Unusual bleeding during menstruation, after menopause, or after intercourse.

• Increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

•  Symptoms such as chronic back, leg, or pelvic pain.

•  Exhaustion and appetite loss.

•  Discomfort during vaginal swollenness.  

Strategies to Combat Cervical Cancer:

1. Increase Awareness: Education and awareness campaigns are crucial to inform women about the importance of cervical cancer screening, vaccination, and early detection.
2. Improve Access to Screening and Treatment: Efforts should be made to ensure that all women have access to affordable and reliable cervical cancer screening and treatment services.
3. HPV Vaccination Programs: Governments and healthcare organizations should prioritize HPV vaccination programs to protect young girls from the most common cancer-causing HPV strains.
4. Research and Innovation: Continued research into the causes, prevention, and treatment of cervical cancer is essential to develop more effective strategies and interventions.

Cervical cancer is a preventable and treatable disease, but it requires a concerted effort from individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers to make a significant impact. By raising awareness, improving access to screening and treatment, and prioritizing HPV vaccination, we can work towards reducing the burden of cervical cancer globally. Take charge of your health by staying informed and proactive in preventing cervical cancer.